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2006-12-28T21:53:00.000-08:00

ITB – GALAMEDIA

NATIONAL CHESS TOURNAMENT

-nonmaster-

Tanggal:

6-7 Januari 2007

Technical meeting tanggal 5 Januari 2007 pukul 13.30 WIB

Tempat:

Baik pertandingan maupun technical meeting, bertempat di

Aula barat ITB – Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung, Jawa Barat

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Terbuka untuk umum, dengan syarat nonmaster

Sistem pertandingan:

Menggunakana sistem swiss, catur cepat 25 menit

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2006-12-21T21:47:00.000-08:00

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Opening Open Defence

2006-12-18T21:57:00.000-08:00

In the Open Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4, Black tries to make use of the time White will take to regain the pawn to gain a foothold in the centre. Play usually continues 6.d4 b5 (6...exd4, the Riga Variation, is considered inferior; the main line runs 7.Re1 d5 8.Nxd4 Bd6! 9.Nxc6 Bxh2+! 10.Kh1! (10.Kxh2 Qh4+ 11.Kg1 Qxf2+ draws by perpetual check.) Qh4 11.Rxe4+! dxe4 12.Qd8+! Qxd8 13.Nxd8+ Kxd8 14.Kxh2 Be6 (14...f5?? 15.Bg5#!) and now the endgame is considered to favor White after 15.Be3 or Nd2 (but not 15.Nc3 c5!, playing to trap the bishop)) 7.Bb3 d5 8.dxe5 Be6 and material balance is restored.

White has a variety of options at move 9, including 9.c3, 9.Qe2, and 9.Nbd2. The classical line starts with 9.c3 when Black can choose between 9...Nc5, 9...Be7, and the aggressive 9...Bc5. After 9.c3 Bc5 10.Nbd2 0-0 11.Bc2 Black must do something about the attack on the knight on e4. An old continuation is 11...f5, when after 12.Nb3 Ba7 13.Nfd4 Nxd4 14.Nxd4 Bxd4 White can gain some advantage with Bogoljubov's 15.Qxd4. Instead, the very sharp La Grande Variante continues 15.cxd4 f4 16.f3 Ng3 17.hxg3 fxg3 18.Qd3 Bf5 19.Qxf5 Rxf5 20.Bxf5 Qh4 21.Bh3 Qxd4+ 22.Kh1 Qxe5. Perhaps the most famous game in this variation is Smyslov–Reshevsky, 1945 USSR–USA Radio Match. An analysis of the line had just been published in a Russian chess magazine, and Smyslov was able to follow it to quickly obtain a winning position. Reshevsky had not seen the analysis and he struggled in vain to solve the position over the board with his chess clock running. The Dilworth Variation (or Attack), 11...Nxf2 12.Rxf2 f6 13.exf6 Bxf2+ 14.Kxf2 Qxf6 has scored well for Black. It leads to unbalanced endgames that are hard to play for both sides. Yusupov is one of the few grandmasters to often adopt the Dilworth.

In the Howell Attack, 9.Qe2, White aims for play on the d-file. Keres sometimes played this line.

Karpov's move, 9.Nbd2, limits Black's options. In the 1978 Karpov–Korchnoi World Chess Championship match, following 9.Nbd2 Nc5 10.c3 d4 (10...Be7 is an old move that remains popular) Karpov introduced the surprising 11.Ng5!?, a move suggested by his trainer, Igor Zaitsev. If Black takes the knight with 11...Qxg5 White regains the material with 12.Qf3. This variation played a decisive role in a later World Championship match, Kasparov–Anand 1995, when Anand was unable to successfully defend as Black.

Open Defence after 8...Be6

Opening Ruy Lopez

2006-12-18T21:13:00.000-08:00

The Ruy Lopez, generally called the Spanish Game outside of English speaking countries, is a chess opening characterised by the moves (in algebraic notation):

1.e4 e5

2.Nf3 Nc6

3.Bb5

The Ruy Lopez is one of the most popular openings. It has such a vast number of variations that in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings all codes from C60 to C99 are assigned to them.

Basics

At the most basic level, White's third move attacks the knight which defends the e5 pawn from the attack by the f3 knight. It should be noted that White's apparent threat to win Black's e-pawn with 4.Bxc6 dxc6 5.Nxe5 is illusory — Black can respond with 5...Qd4, forking the knight and e4-pawn, and winning back the material with a good position. 3.Bb5 is still a good move, however: it develops a piece, prepares castling, and sets up a potential pin against Black's king. However, since White's third move carries no immediate threat, Black can respond in a wide variety of ways.

Main variations

The theory of the Ruy Lopez is the most extensively developed of all the double king pawn openings. At nearly every move there are many reasonable alternatives, and most have been explored deeply. It is convenient to split the possibilities into two groups based on whether or not Black responds with the Morphy Defence (3...a6). The variations with Black moves other than 3...a6 are older and generally simpler, but the Morphy Defence lines are more commonly played.

Black defences other than 3...a6

Of the variations in this section, the Berlin and Schliemann Defences are the most popular today, followed by the Classical Defence. The Steinitz Defence was important at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

3...Bc5 (Classical or Cordel Defence)
3...Nge7 (Cozio Defence)
3...Nf6 (Berlin Defence)
3...Nd4 (Bird's Defence)
3...d6 (Steinitz Defence)
3...f5!? (Schliemann Defence)
3...g6 (Smyslov Defence)

Classical Defence

The Classical Defence or Cordel Defence (ECO C64), 3...Bc5, is possibly the oldest defence to the Ruy Lopez, and is still played occasionally. White's most common reply is 4.c3 when Black may choose to play 4...f5, the Cordel Gambit. This often leads to quite messy positions and a sharp drop in the number of draws in comparison to other reasonable 4th moves for Black. More solid is 4.c3 Nf6, when 5.0-0 0-0 6.d4 Bb6 leads to the Benelux Variation. White's principal alternative to 4.c3 is 4.0-0.

Classical Defence 3...Bc5

Bird's Defence

Bird's Defence (ECO C61), 3...Nd4, is an uncommon variation sometimes played in the hope of surprising White into making a mistake in unfamiliar positions. With careful play White is thought to be able to gain a small advantage. This defence was published in 1843 in Paul Rudolf von Bilguer's Handbuch des Schachspiels and explored by Henry Bird in the 1850s. Bird's Defence was later used a few times in tournament play by Siegbert Tarrasch, Boris Spassky, and Alexander Khalifman. Although it is still played occasionally as a surprise, no strong master since Bird has adopted it regularly.

Bird's Defence 3...Nd4

Smyslov Defence

The Smyslov Defence, 3...g6, is a quiet positional system played occasionally by Vassily Smyslov and Boris Spassky. It became popular in the 1980s when it was shown that 4.c3 a6! gives Black a good game. Later it was found that after 4.d4 exd4 5.Bg5 White has the advantage, and the variation is rarely played today. An interesting gambit line 4.d4 exd4 5.c3 has also been recommended by Alexander Khalifman, although some of the resulting positions are yet to be tested extensively.

Smyslov Defence 3...g6

Morphy Defence 3...a6: Alternatives to the Closed Defence

By far the most commonly played Black third move is the Morphy Defence, 3...a6, which "puts the question" to the white bishop. White has only two good options, 4.Bxc6 or 4.Ba4. The main point to 3...a6 is that after the common retreat 4.Ba4, Black will have the possibility of breaking the pin on his queen knight by playing ...b5. In fact, White must take some care to not fall into the Noah's Ark Trap in which Black traps White's king bishop on the b3-square with a ...a6, ...b5, and ...c4 pawn advance on the queenside.

Although 3...a6 was known earlier, it became popular after it was played by Paul Morphy. Steinitz did not approve of this move. In 1889 he wrote "on principle this ought to be disadvantageous as it drives the bishop where it wants to go", but this is not the prevailing opinion, and today 3...a6 is played in over 75% of all games beginning with the Ruy Lopez.

After 3...a6, the most commonly played line is the Closed Defence, which goes 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7, discussed in the two following sections. Alternatives to the closed defence described in this section are:

4.Bxc6 (Exchange Variation)
4.Ba4
- 4...b5 5.Bb3 Na5 (Norwegian Defence)
- 4...b5 5.Bb3 Bc5 (Graz Defence)
- 4...Bc5 (Classical Defence Deferred)
- 4...d6 (Steinitz Defence Deferred)
- 4...f5 (Schliemann Defence Deferred)
- 4...Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bb7 (Arkhangelsk Defence)
- 4...Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bc5
- 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Bc5 (Møller Defence)
- 4...Nf6 5.0-0 d6 (Russian Defence)
- 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 (Open Defence)

Morphy Defence 3...a6

Table of the most common endings

2006-12-12T22:06:00.000-08:00

The table below lists the most common endings in actual games by percentage (percentage of games, not percentage of endings. Generally pawns go along with the pieces.) (Müller and Lamprecht 2001:11-12, 304)

Pieces	Percentage
Rook versus rook	8.45
Rook & bishop vs. rook & knight	6.76
Two rooks versus two rooks	3.45
Rook & bishop vs. rook & bishop (same color)	3.37
Bishop versus knight	3.29
Rook & knight vs. rook & knight	3.09
King and pawns vs. king (and pawns)	2.87
Rook & bishop vs. rook & bishop (opposite color)	1.92
Queen versus queen	1.87
Rook & bishop versus rook	1.77
Bishop versus bishop (same color)	1.65
knight versus knight	1.56
Rook versus bishop	1.51
Rook & knight versus rook	1.42
Bishop versus bishop (opposite color)	1.11
Bishop versus pawns	1.01
Rook versus knight	0.97
Knight versus pawns	0.92
Queen & minor piece versus queen	0.90
Rook versus pawns	0.75
Queen versus rook & minor piece	0.69
Rook and pawn versus rook	0.67
Rook and two pawns versus rook	0.56
Queen versus pawns	0.42
Queen versus rook	0.40
Queen versus two rooks	0.31
King and one pawn versus king	0.23
Queen versus minor piece	0.17
Queen and one pawn versus queen	0.09
Queen versus two minor pieces	0.08
Bishop and knight versus king	0.02
Queen versus three minor pieces	0.01

Middle Game

2006-12-12T22:05:00.001-08:00

The middlegame is the part of the game when most pieces have been developed. Because the opening theory has ended, players have to assess the position, to form plans based on the features of the positions, and at the same time to take into account the tactical possibilities in the position.^[39]

Typical plans or strategical themes — for example the minority attack, that is the attack of queenside pawns against an opponent who has more pawns on the queenside — are often appropriate just for some pawn structures, resulting from a specific group of openings. The study of openings should therefore be connected with the preparation of plans typical for resulting middlegames.

Middlegame is also the phase in which most combinations occur. Middlegame combinations are often connected with the attack against the opponent's king; some typical patterns have their own names, for example the Boden's Mate or the Lasker-Bauer combination.

Another important strategical question in the middlegame is whether and how to reduce material and transform into an endgame. For example, minor material advantages can generally be transformed into victory only in an endgame, and therefore the stronger side must choose an appropriate way to achieve an ending. Not every reduction of material is good for this purpose; for example, if one side keeps a light-squared bishop and the opponent has a dark-squared one, the transformation into a bishops and pawns ending is usually advantageous for the weaker side only, because an endgame with bishops on opposite colors is likely to be a draw, even with an advantage of one or two pawns.

End Game

2006-12-12T21:52:00.001-08:00

The endgame (or end game or ending) is the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board. There are three main strategic differences between earlier stages of the game and endgame:^[40]

During the endgame, pawns become more important; endgames often revolve around attempting to promote a pawn by advancing it to the eighth rank.
The king, which has to be protected in the middlegame owing to the threat of checkmate, becomes a strong piece in the endgame and it is often advisable to bring it to the center of the board where it can protect its own pawns and attack the pawns of opposite color.
Zugzwang, a disadvantage because the player has to make a move, is often a factor in endgames and rarely in other stages of the game.

Endgames can be classified according to the type of pieces that remain on board. Basic checkmates are positions in which one side has only a king and the other side has one or two pieces and can checkmate the opposing king, with the pieces working together with their king. King and pawn endgames involve only kings and pawns on one or both sides and the task of the stronger side is to promote one of the pawns. Other more complicated endings are classified according to the pieces on board other than kings, e.g. "rook and pawn versus rook".

Opening

2006-12-12T21:52:00.000-08:00

A chess opening is the group of initial moves of a game (the "opening moves"). Recognized sequences of opening moves are referred to as openings or defenses, and have been given names such as the Ruy Lopez or Sicilian Defense, and are catalogued in reference works such as the Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. There are dozens of different openings, varying widely in character from quiet positional play (e.g. the Réti Opening) to wild tactical play (e.g. the Latvian Gambit). In some opening lines, the moves considered best for both sides have been worked out to 30-35 moves or more. Professional players spend years studying openings, and continue doing so throughout their careers, as opening theory continues to evolve.

Although a variety of moves can be played in the opening, the fundamental strategical aims are similar:^[38]

Development: To place (develop) the pieces on useful squares where they will have an impact on the game. For example, knights are often developed to f3, c3, f6 and c6 (or sometimes e2, d2, e7 or d7).
Control of the center: Control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent.
King safety: enhanced via castling, for example.
Pawn structure: Players strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as isolated, doubled and backward pawns, and pawn islands.

Apart from these ideas, other strategic plans or tactical sequences may also appear in the opening

Rules of chess

2006-12-12T21:39:00.000-08:00

For a simple demonstration of the gameplay, see sample chess game.

Name	Letter	Picture
Pawn	P
Knight	N
Bishop	B
Rook	R
Queen	Q
King	K

Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks and denoted with numbers 1 to 8) and eight columns (called files and denoted with letters a to h) of squares. The colors of the sixty-four squares alternate between light and dark, and are referred to as "light squares" and "dark squares". The chessboard is placed so that each player has a white square in the near right hand corner, and the pieces are set out as shown in the diagram, with each queen on a square that matches its color.

Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: each player's pieces comprise one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns. One player, referred to as White, controls the white pieces and the other player, Black, controls the black pieces; White is always the first player to move. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance or by a tournament director. The players alternate moving one piece at a time (with the exception of castling, when two pieces are moved at the same time). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square, or one occupied by an opponent's piece, capturing it. With one exception (en passant), all pieces capture opponent's pieces by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies.

When a king is under direct attack by one (or possibly two) of the opponent's pieces, the player is said to be in check. When in check, only moves that remove the king from attack are permitted. The player must not make any move that would place his king in check. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and there are no moves that remove the king from attack.

Moves of a king; positions after kingside (White) and queenside (Black) castling

Moves of a rook

Moves of a bishop

Moves of a queen

Moves of a knight

Moves of a pawn; Pc6 can move to c7 or take one of black pieces; Ph5 can take en passant the black Pg5 if the last Black move was g7-g5

Each kind of chess piece moves a different way.

The king can move only one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Once in the game, each king is allowed to make a special double move, to castle. Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then moving the rook onto the square over which the king crossed. Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

The player must never have moved both the king and the rook involved in castling;
There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;
The king may not currently be in check, nor may the king pass through squares that are under attack by enemy pieces. As with any move, castling is illegal if it would place the king in check.
The king and the rook must be on the same rank (to exclude castling with a promoted pawn).

The rook moves any number of vacant squares vertically or horizontally (it is also involved in the king's special move of castling);
The bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any direction diagonally. Note that a bishop never changes square color, therefore players speak about "light-squared" or "dark-squared" bishops;
The queen can move any number of vacant squares diagonally, horizontally, or vertically;
The knight can jump over occupied squares and moves two spaces horizontally and one space vertically or vice versa, making an "L" shape. A knight in the middle of the board has eight squares to which it can move. Note that every time a knight moves, it changes square color.
Pawns have the most complex rules of movement:

A pawn can move forward one square, if that square is unoccupied. If it has not moved yet, the pawn has the option of moving two squares forward, if both squares in front of the pawn are unoccupied. A pawn cannot move backward.
When such an initial two square advance is made that puts that pawn horizontally adjacent to an opponent's pawn, the opponent's pawn can capture that pawn "en passant" as if it moved forward only one square rather than two, but only on the immediately subsequent move.
Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently than they move. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them), but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant.
If a pawn advances all the way to its eighth rank, it is then promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. In practice, the pawn is almost always promoted to a queen.

With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. One's own pieces ("friendly pieces") cannot be passed if they are in the line of movement, and a friendly piece can never replace another friendly piece. Enemy pieces cannot be passed, but they can be "captured". When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square (en passant being the only exception). The captured piece is thus removed from the game and may not be returned to play for the remainder of the game.^[1] The king cannot be captured, only put in check. If a player is unable to get the king out of check, checkmate results, with the loss of the game.

Chess games do not have to end in checkmate — either player may resign if the situation looks hopeless. Games also may end in a draw (tie). A draw can occur in several situations, including draw by agreement, stalemate, threefold repetition of a position, the fifty move rule, or a draw by impossibility of checkmate (usually because of insufficient material to checkmate).

Besides casual games without exact timing, chess is also played with a time control, mostly by club and professional players. The timing ranges from long games played up to seven hours to shorter rapid chess games lasting usually 30 minutes or one hour per game. Even shorter is blitz chess with a time control of three to fifteen minutes for each player and bullet chess (under three minutes). If the player's time runs out, he loses.

The international rules of chess are described in more detail in the FIDE Handbook, section Laws of Chess.^[2]

Chess

2006-12-12T21:23:00.000-08:00

Chess is an abstract strategy board game and mind sport for two players. It emerged in South Europe in the second half of 15th century based on similar, much older games of Asian origin and is also called Western Chess or International Chess to distinguish it from its predecessors and from o

ther chess variants. Chess is one of the world's most popular board games; it is played both for recreation and competitively in clubs, tournaments, online, and by mail or e-mail (correspondence chess). Being a war game, it is also both amateur and professional sport and has aspects of art in the chess composition and of science in its developed theory. Moreover it is advocated as a way of enhancing mental prowess. The game of chess is played on a chessboard, consisting of eight times eight squares. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. One player controls the white pieces and the other player controls the black pieces; the player that controls white is the first to move. The players alternate moving pieces to either an unoccupied square, or one occupied by an opponent's piece, capturing it, which is removing it from the chessboard. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king. This occurs when the king is under immediate attack (in check) and there is no way to remove it from attack on the next move. Chess was a part of the aristocratic culture since Middle Ages, and since then it has influenced Western culture and arts. During the centuries, theoreticians developed both chess strategy and tactics into an extensive science while chess composition created an ideal of beauty in chess. There is a long tradition of chess competitions and matches, reaching back into the 16th century. The first official World Chess Champion Wilhelm Steinitz claimed his title in 1886 and today's Vladimir Kramnik is the 14th Champion in the lineage. There are also biennial top team events, Chess Olympiads, the most recent one being the 37th Chess Olympiad in 2006, where Armenia won the unrestricted event and Ukraine the women's one. Since 20th century, international organizations World Chess Federation and International Correspondence Chess Federation exist, who control the top competitions and international titles in the chess sport. Since the 1950s, one of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing machine, and today's chess is deeply influenced by the overwhelming abilities of current chess programs. A match between Garry Kasparov, then World Champion, and a machine in 1997 proved that computers are able to beat even the strongest human players. Computers also enabled the rapid development of internet chess in recent years.